I just recently installed a Windows 10 update, and after my reboot, I was faced with the lovely grub rescue screen!
Fortunately a quick google search resulted in a Youtube video that showed how to repair the problem (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTp4t82SKPU). But I'm making this post as I'll go into a bit more detail as to how to trouble shoot problems you may come across, and post all of the commands so that you don't have to read them off of a wobbly video like I did.
grub rescue> ls
This will list out your file systems. Then check each, one by one until you find something that identifies itself as ext2
grub rescue> ls (hd0,gpt7)
You will get either Filesystem is unknown or Filesystem is ext2. You might get other things too, but that is all I noticed. Once you identify an ext2 file system, now specify it as your root partition.
grub rescue> set root=(hd0,gpt7)
grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,gpt7)/boot/grub
grub rescue> insmod normal
If you receive an error about file not found. You have selected the wrong partition. Keep exploring partitions until you find another ext2 partition, and try the steps again.
grub rescue> ls (hd0,gpt6)
grub rescue> set root=(hd0,gpt6)
grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,gpt6)/boot/grub
grub rescue> insmod normal
Once you get no error, start up in normal mode.
grub rescue> normal
This should boot you into Linux. All is not solved yet. You need to make these settings stick. Open terminal and type the following commands:
sudo update-grub
sudo grub-install /dev/sda
You may want to double check that /dev/sda is the correct device for your main drive. I fired up gparted to be sure.
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